Pakistan is once again debating the creation of new provinces. But is dividing the existing provinces really the answer to Pakistan’s governance problems? In this episode, Professor Ishtiaq Ahmed examines the history of Pakistan’s provinces, the One Unit scheme, the 1970 elections, East Pakistan, the 18th Amendment, local governments and the current debate over smaller administrative units. He explains why One Unit was created, how it affected the balance between East and West Pakistan, and what Pakistan can learn from India’s experience with creating new states. The discussion also asks a crucial question: Would smaller provinces improve governance and service delivery—or could restructuring simply create another form of political control?